Imajarini: Yiusasazekoesetyenziselwa ukusasaza, ukubhaka nokupheka.Ekuqaleni yayidalwe endaweni yayoibhotolongowe-1869 eFransi nguHippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Imajariniyenziwa ikakhulu nge-hydrogenated okanye i-oyile yezityalo ezisulungekileyo kunye namanzi.
Ngelixaibhotoloyenziwe ngamafutha ngobisi,imajariniyenziwe ngeoyile yezityalo kwaye isenokuba nobisi.Kwezinye iindawo ibizwa ngokuba yi "oleo", mfutshane yeoleomargarine.
Imargarine, njengayeibhotolo, iqulethe i-emulsion yamanzi e-fat-fat, kunye namaconsi amancinci amancinci ahlakazwe ngokufanayo kwisigaba samanqatha esikwifom ye-crystalline ezinzileyo.Imajarini inomlinganiselo wamafutha angama-80%, ngokufanayo nebhotolo, kodwa ngokungafaniyo nebhotolo encitshisiweyo-amafutha eentlobo zemajarini nazo zinokubhalwa njengemajarini.I-margarine ingasetyenziselwa ukusabalalisa kunye nokubhaka nokupheka.Ikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengesithako kwezinye iimveliso zokutya, ezinje ngeepastries kunye neekuki, kuluhlu lwayo olubanzi lwemisebenzi.
Indlela esisiseko yeukwenza imajarininamhlanje iqulathe emulsifying umxube hydrogenated oyile yemifuno kunye nobisi skimmed, ibanda umxube ukuqiniswa kunye nokusebenza ngayo ukuphucula ukuthungwa.Amafutha emifuno kunye nezilwanyana zixutywe ezifanayo kunye namanqaku ahlukeneyo okunyibilika.Loo mafutha alulwelo kubushushu begumbi aziwa ngokubanzi njengeoyile.Amanqaku okuncibilika ahambelana nobukho be-carbon-carbon bonds kabini kumacandelo e-fatty acids.Inani eliphezulu leebhondi eziphindwe kabini zinika amanqaku aphantsi okunyibilika.
Inxalenye ye-hydrogenation ye-oyile yesityalo eqhelekileyo ukuya kwinxalenye eqhelekileyo yemargarine.Uninzi lwezibophelelo eziphindwe kabini ze-C = C zisuswa kule nkqubo, ephakamisa indawo yokunyibilika kwemveliso.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-oyile yendalo i-hydrogenated ngokudlula i-hydrogen ngeoli phambi kwe-nickel catalyst, phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo.Ukongezwa kwe-hydrogen kwiibhondi ezingaxutywanga (i-alkenes kabini i-C = C ibhondi) iphumela kwiibhondi ze-CC ezigcweleyo, ngokufanelekileyo ukwandisa indawo yokunyibilika yeoli kwaye ngaloo ndlela "inzima".Oku kungenxa yokwanda kwamandla e-van der Waals phakathi kweeathomu ezihluthayo xa kuthelekiswa neemolekyuli ezingaxutywanga.Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukho izibonelelo zempilo ezinokwenzeka ekunciphiseni inani lamafutha ahluthayo ekudleni komntu, inkqubo ilawulwa ukuze kuphela okwaneleyo kweebhondi i-hydrogenated ukunika ukuthungwa okufunekayo.
Iimargarine ezenziwe ngolu hlobo kuthiwa zinamafutha e-hydrogenated.Le ndlela isetyenziswa namhlanje kwezinye iimajarini nangona inkqubo iye yaphuhliswa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iicatalyst zetsimbi zisetyenziswa njenge palladium.Ukuba i-hydrogenation ayiphelelanga (inxalenye yokuqina), amaqondo okushisa aphezulu asetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-hydrogenation avame ukuphosa ezinye zeebhondi ze-carbon-carbon kabini kwifom "trans".Ukuba ezi zibophelelo ezithile azikho i-hydrogenated ngexesha lenkqubo, ziya kuhlala zikhona kwi-margarine yokugqibela kwiimolekyuli ze-trans fat, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubonakaliswe ukuba kuyingozi kwisifo senhliziyo.Ngesi sizathu, amanqatha aqiniswe ngokuyinxenye asetyenziswa kancinci nangaphantsi kwishishini lemajarini.Ezinye ioyile zaseTropiki, ezifana neoyile yesundu kunye neoyile yekhokhonathi, ziqinile ngokwendalo kwaye azifuni hydrogenation.
Imajarini yale mihla inokwenziwa ngalo naluphi na uhlobo olubanzi lwamafutha ezilwanyana okanye emifuno, axutywe nobisi olucutyiweyo, ityuwa, kunye nesithambiso.Imargarine kunye namafutha emifunoiyasasazekaefunyenwe kwimarike inokuvela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-90% yamafutha.Ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo wokugqibela wamafutha kunye nenjongo yayo (ukusasaza, ukupheka okanye ukubhaka), inqanaba lamanzi kunye neoli yemifuno esetyenzisiweyo iya kuhluka kancinci.Ioli icinezelwe kwimbewu kwaye ihlanjululwe.Emva koko idityaniswe namafutha aqinileyo.Ukuba akukho mafutha aqinileyo afakwe kwi-oyile yemifuno, le yokugqibela ingena kwinkqubo epheleleyo okanye inxalenye ye-hydrogenation ukuze iqinise.
Umxube obangelwayo uxutywe namanzi, i-citric acid, i-carotenoids, iivithamini kunye nobisi olungumgubo.Ii-Emulsifiers ezinje nge-lecithin zinceda ukusasaza isigaba samanzi ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke ioyile, kwaye ityuwa kunye nezikhuselo nazo zongezwa ngokuqhelekileyo.Le emulsion yeoli kunye namanzi ifudunyezwa, ixutywe, kwaye ipholile.Iimajarini zebhafu ezithambileyo zenziwe nge-hydrogenated encinci, i-oyile emanzi eninzi, kune-block margarine.
Zintathu iindidi zemajarini eziqhelekileyo:
Amafutha emifuno ethambileyoiyasasazeka, anamafutha amaninzi e-mono- okanye i-polyunsaturated, enziwe ngesafflower, ujongilanga, iimbotyi zesoya, i-cottonseed, i-rapeseed, okanye ioli yomnquma.
Imargarine ebhotileni ukupheka okanye izitya eziphezulu
Imajarini enzima, engafakwanga mbala ngokubanzi yokupheka okanye ukubhaka.
Ukudibanisa nebhotela.
Uninzi lweetafile ezithandwayo ezisasazwayo ezithengiswayo namhlanje ziyingxube ye-margarine kunye nebhotela okanye ezinye iimveliso zobisi.Ukudibanisa, okusetyenziselwa ukuphucula incasa yemargarine, bekukudala kungekho mthethweni kumazwe anje nge-United States ne-Australia.Ngaphantsi kwezikhokelo ze-European Union, imveliso ye-margarine ayinakubizwa ngokuthi "ibhotela", nokuba ininzi yayo iqukethe ibhotela yendalo.Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu itafile esekelwe kwibhotolo kunye neemveliso zemajarini zithengiswa njenge "imixube yebhotolo".
Imixube yebhotolo ngoku yenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yemarike yokusasazwa kwetafile.Uphawu "Andiyikholelwa ukuba akusiyo ibhotolo!"yavelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezisasazo ezinegama elifanayo ezinokufumaneka ngoku kwiishelufa zevenkile enkulu kwihlabathi liphela, ezinamagama afana ne "Butterfully Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", kunye "Ungayikholelwa Ibhotolo".Le mixube yebhotolo inqanda izithintelo zokuleyibhile, ngobuchule bokuthengisa obuthetha ukufana okuqinileyo kwibhotolo yokwenyani.Amagama anjalo athengiswayo anikezela imveliso kubathengi ngokwahlukileyo kwiileyibhile zemveliso ezibizwa ngokuba yimargarine "ioli yemifuno ene-hydrogenated".
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-04-2021