Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwebhotolo kunye nemargarine?

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwebhotolo kunye nemargarine?

Imargarine iyafana kwincasa kunye nokubonakala kwebhotolo kodwa inomahluko ohlukeneyo.Kwenziwa imajarini endaweni yebhotolo.Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ibhotolo yaba yinto eqhelekileyo ekutyeni kwabantu ababephila ngaphandle komhlaba, kodwa yayibiza kakhulu kwabo bangenayo.ULouis Napoleon III, umlawuli waseFransi owayecinga ngobusoshiyali phakathi kwinkulungwane yenkulungwane, wanikela umvuzo kuye nabani na onokuvelisa okwamkelekileyo,

Inkqubo eqhubekayo-Yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni imorini.Ukuba ubisi lusetyenziswa njengesiseko solwelo, ludityaniswe netyuwa kunye ne-emulsifying agent kwigumbi.I-emulsifier isebenza ngokunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komphezulu phakathi kweeglobhu ze-oyile kunye nomxube wolwelo, ngaloo ndlela izinceda zenze iibhondi zeekhemikhali ngokulula ngakumbi.Isiphumo kukuba yinto engelulo ulwelo okanye oluqilima ngokupheleleyo.

enye indlela efikelelekayo.UHippolyte Mege-Mouriez waphumelela ukhuphiswano ngowe-1869 ngento awathi wayibiza imajarini emva kwesithako sayo esiphambili, i-margaric acid.I-asidi ye-margaric yayisandul' ukufunyanwa ngo-1813 nguMichael Eugene Chevreul kwaye yafumana igama layo kwigama lesiGrike leeperile, i-margarite, ngenxa yobisi lwamathontsi athe uChevreul waqaphela kwimveliso yakhe.Kumaxesha anamhlanje iveliswa nge-oyile okanye indibaniselwano yee-oyile ngenkqubo ye-hydro-genation, indlela eyagqityezelwa malunga no-1910. Le nkqubo inceda i-oyile yezilwanyana okanye yemifuno ukuba i-emulsify, okanye ijike isuke kwinto engamanzi ibe yi-fatty one of a semi- isimo esiqinileyo.

E-US, ibhotolo yayiyeyona ncasa ithandwayo iminyaka emininzi, kwaye kude kube kumaxesha amva nje, imajarini ikhathazwa ngumfanekiso ombi wophawu.Inkampani yobisi elungelelaniswe kakuhle yakhankasela ngokuchasene nemargarine, isoyika ukhuphiswano oluvela kwishishini lemajarini.Malunga nowe-1950, iCongress yarhoxisa irhafu kwiindawo zebhotolo ezazisebenza amashumi eminyaka.Umthetho obizwa ngokuba yi "Margarine Act" wabhengezwa ekugqibeleni ekuchazeni imajarini: "zonke izinto, imixube kunye neekhompawundi ezinobumbano olufana nolwebhotolo kwaye eziqulethe nawaphi na amafutha atyiwayo kunye nee-oyile ngaphandle kwamafutha obisi ukuba zenziwe ngokuxelisa okanye. inkangeleko yebhotolo.”Inxalenye yokwamkelwa kwemargarine ekutyeni kwabantu baseYurophu nabaseMelika yayivela ekulinganiseni ngamaxesha emfazwe.Ibhotolo yayinqongophele, kwaye imajarini, okanye i-oleo, yayiyeyona nto ithatha indawo.Namhlanje, imajarini

Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1930s, iVotator ibe sesona sixhobo sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yemajarini yase-US.KwiVotator, i-emulsion ye-margarine ipholile kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iyaphazamiseka ukuze yenze imajarini eqinile.

iye yaba yinto ephantse yatshintshelwa endaweni yebhotolo kwaye ibonelela ngamafutha amancinci kunye necholesterol kunebhotolo ngexabiso eliphantsi.

Ukwenziwa kweMargarine

Imargarine inokwenziwa ngeendidi zamafutha ezilwanyana kwaye yayisenziwa ubukhulu becala ngamafutha enyama yenkomo kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-oleo-margarine.Ngokungafaniyo nebhotela, inokupakishwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhambelana, kuquka ulwelo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi ifom, nangona kunjalo, i-margarine kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yomxholo karhulumente kuba yinto yokutya apho abahlalutyi bakarhulumente kunye neengcali zezondlo zicinga ukuba zibhidaniswa lula nebhotela.Ezi zikhokelo zichaza ukuba i-margarine ubuncinane i-80% yamanqatha, ephuma kwizilwanyana okanye kwi-oyile yemifuno, okanye ngamanye amaxesha umxube wezo zimbini.Malunga ne-17-18.5% yemajarini ilulwelo, iphuma kubisi oluyi-pasteurized skim milk, amanzi, okanye ulwelo lweembotyi zesoya.Ipesenteji encinci (1-3%) yityuwa egalelwe incasa, kodwa ngokomdla wezempilo yesondlo enye imajarini iye yenziwa kwaye ibhalwe ukuba ayinatyuwa.Kufuneka iqulethe ubuncinane iiyunithi ze-15,000 (ukusuka kwimigangatho ye-Pharmacopeia yase-US) ye-vitamin A ngeponti.Ezinye izithako zinokongezwa ukugcina ubomi beshelufu.

Ukulungiselela

1 Xa izithako zifika kwindawo yokuvelisa imajarini, kufuneka kuqala zenze uthotho lwamanyathelo okulungiselela.Ioli-i-safflower, i-corn, okanye i-soya, phakathi kwezinye iindidi-iphathwa ngesisombululo se-caustic soda ukususa amacandelo angeyomfuneko aziwa ngokuba yi-fatty acids yamahhala.Emva koko ioli ihlanjwa ngokuyixuba ngamanzi ashushu, ihlulwe, kwaye ishiye ukuba yome phantsi kwe-vacuum.Okulandelayo, ioli maxa wambi igalelwa ngebleach ngomxube womhlaba owenziwe ngebleach namalahle kwelinye igumbi lokucoca.Umhlaba ojikisiweyo kunye namalahle afunxa nayiphi na imibala engafunekiyo, aze ahluzwe ngaphandle kwe-oyile.Naluphi na ulwelo olusetyenziswayo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso—ubisi, amanzi, okanye i-soy-based substance—nalo kufuneka luthathe amanyathelo okulungiselela.Iphinda idlule kwi-pasteurization ukuze isuse ukungcola, kwaye ukuba kusetyenziswe umgubo wobisi owomileyo, kufuneka kuhlolwe iibhaktheriya kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.

Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi

I-2 Ioli ke i-hydrogenated ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana okuchanekileyo kwimveliso ye-margarine, imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi "plastiki" okanye i-semi-solid.Kule nkqubo, igesi ye-hydrogen yongezwa kwioli phantsi kweemeko ezixinzelelekileyo.Amasuntswana ehydrogen ahlala neoyile, anceda ekwandiseni iqondo lobushushu apho iya kunyibilika kwaye yenze ukuba i-oyile ingabi sengozini yokungcoliseka ngenxa ye-oxidation.

Ukudibanisa izithako

Inkqubo eqhubekayo-yokuhamba yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni imajarini.Ukuba ubisi lusetyenziswa njengesiseko solwelo, ludityaniswe netyuwa kunye ne-emulsifying agent kwigumbi.I-emulsifying agent iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-emulsification-echazwe ngokwemichiza njengokunqunyanyiswa kweeglowubhu ezincinci zolwelo olunye kulwelo lwesibini-iyenzeka.I-emulsifier isebenza ngokunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komphezulu phakathi kweeglobhu ze-oyile kunye nomxube wolwelo, ngaloo ndlela izinceda zenze iibhondi zeekhemikhali ngokulula ngakumbi.Isiphumo yinto engelulo ulwelo ngokupheleleyo okanye oluqilima ngokupheleleyo kodwa yindibaniselwano yezinto ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba yi-semi-solid.I-Lecithin, amafutha endalo asuka kwi-yolk yeqanda, imbotyi yesoya, okanye umbona, yenye ye-emulsification eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ekwenzeni imajarini.

3 Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ulwelo, ityuwa, kunye nelecithin zixutywa kunye kwitanki enye ejongene nenye ivati ​​ephethe ioyile kunye nezithako ezinyibilikayo kwioyile.Kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuqukuqela, imixholo yeevathi ezimbini zondliwa ngexesha elibekiweyo kwitanki yesithathu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-emulsification chamber.Ngelixa inkqubo yokudibanisa isenzeka, izixhobo zokuva izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula zigcina ubushushu bomxube busondele kwi-100 ° F (38 ° C).

Ukuphazamiseka

4 Emva koko, umxube wemajarini uthunyelwa kwisixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yiVotator, igama lebrendi yesona sixhobo sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yemajarini yase-US.Ibe sisixhobo esisemgangathweni kushishino ukusukela ngoo-1930.KwiVotator, i-emulsion ye-margarine ipholile kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Chamber A. I-Chamber A ihlulwe ibe yi-trio yeetyhubhu ezinciphisa ngokulandelelana ukushisa kwayo.Kwimizuzu emibini umxube ufikelele kwi-45-50 ° F (7-10 ° C).Ithi ke impontshelwe kwivathi yesibini ebizwa ngokuba yiChamber B. Apho iyaphazamiseka ngamanye amaxesha kodwa ngokubanzi iyekwe ukuba ihlale bhunxe kwaye yenze imeko yayo ephantse iqine.Ukuba ifuna ukutywatyushwa okanye ngenye indlela ilungiselelwe ukungaguquguquki okukhethekileyo, isiphithiphithi senziwa kwiGumbi B.

Ulawulo lwemeko

Ulawulo lomgangatho yinkxalabo ecacileyo kumaziko ale mihla okulungisa ukutya.Izixhobo ezingacocekanga kunye nendlela engafanelekanga inokukhokelela kungcoliseko olukhulu lwebhaktiriya olunokuphazamisa izisu kunye nobomi bamawakawaka abathengi ngeentsuku nje ezimbalwa.Urhulumente wase-US, phantsi koncedo lweSebe lezoLimo, ugcina iikhowudi ezithile zococeko kwimizi-mveliso yee-creameries zale mihla kunye nezityalo zokwenza imajarini.Ukuhlolwa kunye nezohlwayo zezixhobo ezingagcinwanga kakuhle okanye iimeko ezingacocekanga zinceda ukugcina iinkampani zithobela.

Ibhotolo ihlelwa ngabahloli be-USDA kwi-creamery.Bahlola ibhetshi nganye, bayivavanye, bayingcamle, kwaye banike amanqaku kuyo.Banika ubuninzi bamanqaku angama-45 kwincasa, i-25 yomzimba kunye nokuthungwa, amanqaku angama-15 ngombala, i-10 yomxholo wetyuwa, kunye ne-5 yokupakisha.Ngaloo ndlela, i-batch epheleleyo yebhotela inokufumana amanqaku e-100, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo inani eliphezulu elinikezelwe kwiphakheji li-93. Kwi-93, ibhotela ihlelwa kwaye ibhalwe iBanga le-AA;ibhetshi efumana amanqaku angaphantsi kwama-90 ithathwa njengengaphantsi.

Izikhokelo zokuvelisa imajarini zichaza ukuba imajarini iqulethe ubuncinane ama-80% amafutha.Ioyile ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso zinokuthathwa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno kodwa zonke kufuneka zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngabantu.Umxholo wayo omanzi usenokuba lubisi, amanzi, okanye iprotein esekelwe kwisoya.Kufuneka ifakwe i-pasteurized kwaye iqulathe ubuncinane iiyunithi ezili-15,000 zevithamin A. Isenokuqulatha indawo yetyuwa, izinto eziswiti, izithambiso ezinamafutha, izigcinakaliso, ivithamin D, kunye nezinto ezifaka imibala.
Funda ngokugqithisileyo:http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Butter-and-Margarine.html#ixzz6Lidg5s84